AuthorBY- DIVIYA BHAVAANI Bioinformatics is an integrative field in life sciences that combines biology and information technology. Its application includes the study of molecular sequences and genomics data. Being a combination of different branches of life sciences, the objective of bioinformatics is to develop methodologies and tools to study large volumes of biological data in order to organize, store, systematize, visualize, annotate, query, understand and interpret those data. Bioinformatics utilizes modern computer science that includes cloud computing, statistics, mathematics and even pattern recognition, reconstruction, machine learning, simulation and iterative approaches, and molecular modelling /algorithms. Applications of bioinformatics in medicine: Bioinformatics has proven quite useful in medicine as the complete sequencing of the human genome has helped to unlock the genetic contribution for many diseases. Its applications include drug discovery, personalized medicine, preventative medicine and gene therapy. 1. Drug discovery Infectious diseases are currently the world’s major killer of children and young adults. According to WHO, infectious diseases account for over 13 million deaths yearly. Developing countries record the most number of deaths from infectious diseases and this was contributed to the non-availability of drugs and high cost associated with the drugs if available. One of the main problems encountered is the development of cheap and efficient drugs for a disease can be solved by rational drug design using Bioinformatics. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical industry has moved from the trial and error process of drug discovery to a rational and structure-based drug design. With a successful and reliable drug design process, the time and cost of developing effective pharmacological agents can be reduced. The process of drug target identification and drug candidate screening can be accelerated, and safer/more effective drugs can be developed based on molecular modelling and simulation. 2. Personalized medicine Personalized medicine is a model of healthcare that is tailor-made to each person’s unique genetic make-up. A patient’s genetic profile can assist the doctor to predict susceptibility to certain diseases, provide proper medication and with the proper dose to reduce side-effects. It is applied in the treatment of personalized cancer medicine, diabetes-related disease and HIV. Bioinformatics is used in personalized medicine to analyze data from genome sequencing or microarray gene expression analysis in search of mutations or gene variants that could affect a patient’s response to a particular drug or modify the disease prognosis. 3. Preventive medicine Preventive medicine focuses on the health of individuals, communities and defined populations. It uses various research methods, including biostatistics, bioinformatics and epidemiology, to understand the patterns and the causes of health and disease, and to transform such information into programs designed to prevent disease, disability and death. An example of preventive medicine is the screening of newborns immediately after birth for health disorders, such genetic diseases or metabolic disorders, that are treatable but not clinically evident in the newborn period. To develop such screening tests to identify the disease at an early stage, researchers use bioinformatic tools to analyze genomics, proteomics and metabolomics data for possible disease biomarkers. 4. Gene therapy
Gene therapy is the method of replacing defective genes with a functional one in the cells of the patient. Gene therapy has not been widely used because developing a generic gene therapy method is quite complicated, as each person’s genetic profile is different. Bioinformatics could help to identify the best gene target site for each individual by taking their genetic profile into consideration. This can reduce the risk of unintended side effects. The application of bioinformatics is not limited to the field of medicine. It is wide-ranging and constantly evolving as more areas in life sciences are transformed by it.
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AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S Imagine all the waste plastics that are generated can be reused efficiently, then half of the worlds environmental problem is solved already, then how this sounds, plastic wastes are used to produce fuel, it’s like Hitting two birds with one stone. That’s exactly we are going see here, how to produce fuel from plastics or Pyrolysis. Lets understand more about plastics. WHAT IS A PLASTIC? Plastics are mouldable polymers which can deform i.e, change their shape to a very high degree. Polymers are both naturally present and synthetically made. Naturally occurring polymers include tar, shellac, cellulose, amber, and latex from tree sap. Synthetic polymers, which are a range of organic compounds that are derived from petrochemicals, for example polyethylene (used in plastic bags), polystyrene (used to make Styrofoam cups), polypropylene (used for fibers and bottles) etc. APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC Plastics have found wide range of use in wide varieties of industries, almost every sector, such as
DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC: Due to increase in human population, rapid economic growth and continuous urbanization, the use and production of plastics is also increasing very rapidly. Most of the plastics are non-biodegradable hence if they are dumped into the soil then they are going to stay there for hundreds of years and will render that piece of land useless for growing crops and even for urbanization. If plastics are dumped in the seas, then they will float and follow the currents and leads to accumulation of plastics in various areas of oceans. The accumulation is even as large as size of islands. This poses a threat to the sea life. Disposal of plastics is a big problem hence it’s recommended to reuse. Pyrolysis is one way to recycle the plastic material. The basis is that pyrolysis of plastic can be done to produce oil. This oil is then used as a fuel. PYROLYSIS The method of pyrolysis involves thermal degradation of plastic at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.
Plastic raw material is first pre-treated to remove waste or undesirable materials. Then the pre-treated raw material is grinded to the required size as desired before inputting the grinded raw material in the reactor, the pyrolysis chamber. The size should be proper so that the reaction is able to occur smoothly and efficiently. The pyrolysis chamber is loaded with the grinded plastic along with a suitable catalyst in order to promote specific types of chemical reactions. The temperature of the reaction can range from 200-900C based on the quality of the liquid oil desired further down the line as a product. The grinded raw material first gets melted and then it gets vaporized. The vapours are then passed to condensers in series in order to condense it into a liquid. This liquid is the oil but it is further sent for the process of refining. This refined liquid is the desired oil which is used as a fuel. They are also put into category of biofuels depending on the type of raw material selected. The oil is multipurpose in nature and can also be used in cars. AuthorBY- ANUSHRI M INTRODUCTION: Artificial Intelligence is the technology which has numerous applications in this modern world. One of the important field that uses it is the automobile industry. Almost all the modern cars has AI technology in it used for various purposes for the safety and comfort of its users. Some of them are discussed below. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL: This system recognizes a preceding vehicle located in front of the test vehicle and drives the test vehicle with a safety distance to the preceding vehicle by controlling its accelerator and brake. FORWARD COLLISION BRAKING: This system uses cameras or sensors to scan the road ahead and to alert the driver if the distance to a vehicle ahead is closing too quickly. More advanced systems include automatic emergency braking that can stop a car quickly enough to avoid a collision at modest speeds, or at the very least reduce the closing speed. LANE KEEPING ASSISTANCE: It monitors the position of the vehicle with respect to the lane boundary and apply torque to the steering wheel, or pressure to the brakes, when a lane departure is about to occur. BLIND SPOT MONITORING: This uses a set of sensors mounted on the side mirrors or rear bumper to detect vehicles in the adjacent lanes. If the sensors detect something, they'll alert you via an audible and/or visual warning. REAR CROSS TRAFFIC COLLISION WARNING: It is a driving assistance system that informs the driver if another vehicle is approaching from either direction when the vehicle is in reverse and is backing out of a parking space. AUTOPILOT: This feature uses cameras and sensors to steer, accelerate and brake automatically within its lane. The system uses forward-facing cameras, GPS, and map data to detect traffic lights and stop signs. SMART SUMMON FEATURE: It allows owners to press a button in the app on their phone, and their car will drive itself to their location from a maximum distance of 200 feet, even navigating obstacles. DRONES-THE GLOWING COMPANIONS: The drones fly autonomously above and around the car to illuminate not just the path ahead but the area on either side. They dock to the roof or roof rack, and double as cameras to beam video back to the driver if they want to see what's ahead. The bladeless drones can also assume other configurations. This feature is included in The AUDI AI:TRAIL CONCLUSION:
Although AI has numerous advantages it is still not fully developed and have a long way to go in its development and applications. Not all the decisions made from the analysis of the circumstances by AI can be justified which is why the crucial decisions shall be governed and executed by humans. AuthorDIVIYA BHAVAANI M.B As the world entered the era of big data, the need for its storage also grew. It was the main challenge and concern for the enterprise industries until 2010. The main focus was on building a framework and solutions to store data. Now when Hadoop and other frameworks have successfully solved the problem of storage, the focus has shifted to the processing of this data. Data Science is the secret sauce here. All the ideas which you see in Hollywood sci-fi movies can actually turn into reality by Data Science. Data Science is the future of Artificial Intelligence. Therefore, it is very important to understand what is Data Science and how can it add value to your business. What is Data Science? Data Science is a blend of various tools, algorithms, and machine learning principles with the goal to discover hidden patterns from the raw data. As you can see from the above image, a Data Analyst usually explains what is going on by processing history of the data. On the other hand, Data Scientist not only does the exploratory analysis to discover insights from it, but also uses various advanced machine learning algorithms to identify the occurrence of a particular event in the future. A Data Scientist will look at the data from many angles, sometimes angles not known earlier. Lifecycle of Data Science Here is a brief overview of the main phases of the Data Science Lifecycle: Phase 1--Discovery: Before you begin the project, it is important to understand the various specifications, requirements, priorities and required budget. You must possess the ability to ask the right questions. Here, you assess if you have the required resources present in terms of people, technology, time and data to support the project. In this phase, you also need to frame the business problem and formulate initial hypotheses (IH) to test. Phase 2—Data preparation: In this phase, you require analytical sandbox in which you can perform analytics for the entire duration of the project. You need to explore, preprocess and condition data prior to modeling. Further, you will perform ETLT (extract, transform, load and transform) to get data into the sandbox. Let’s have a look at the Statistical Analysis flow below. Phase 3—Model planning: Data Science model planning - EdurekaHere, you will determine the methods and techniques to draw the relationships between variables. These relationships will set the base for the algorithms which you will implement in the next phase. You will apply Exploratory Data Analytics (EDA) using various statistical formulas and visualization tools.
Phase 5—Operationalize: Data Science operationalize - EdurekaIn this phase, you deliver final reports, briefings, code and technical documents. In addition, sometimes a pilot project is also implemented in a real-time production environment. This will provide you a clear picture of the performance and other related constraints on a small scale before full deployment.
Phase 6—Communicate results: Now it is important to evaluate if you have been able to achieve your goal that you had planned in the first phase. So, in the last phase, you identify all the key findings, communicate to the stakeholders and determine if the results of the project are a success or a failure based on the criteria developed in Phase 1. AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S We know how food plays an important role in our lives, it’s an inevitable part. With recent developments we are shifted towards packed food, one major concern is artificial additives that can cause health issues in future to consumers. Let’s see how Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB) is going to help us mark “Clean labelled” in food products. WHAT ARE EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES? Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are homopolymers or heteropolymers with a wide diversity of structures, capable of modifying the sensory properties of foods. EPS formed by LAB offer a natural alternative to commercial food additives because of their physicochemical characteristics. They are used as starter cultures or coadjutants to develop fermented foods. In addition, they have further health benefits because of their putative antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and blood cholesterol-lowering activities. APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA-DERIVED EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY: LAB-derived EPS are used in the food industry as emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents, as well as for moisture retention, for influencing rheology, firmness, and syneresis and to improve texture, sensory properties, and mouthfeel. They are used due to their physical properties, non-Newtonian behavior, and high viscosity in aqueous media. Only drawback is LAB are capable of producing relatively low amounts of EPS. Therefore, current challenges are to increase the productivity of EPS formation by LAB. EPS have multiple uses in various food sectors but especially in fermented dairy, non-dairy, bakery, and meat industry areas. IN DAIRY PRODUCTS: In situ produced LAB-derived EPS are widely used in the dairy industry. In recent decades, dairy starter strains that can synthesize acceptable levels of EPS have become the target of research. EPS may act as thickeners and texturizers by increasing the viscosity of the final product and as stabilizers by binding water and interacting with other milk constituents, such as proteins and micelles, to improve the firmness of the casein network. IN FERMENTED MEAT PRODUCTS: The application of LAB in meat production dates back to prehistoric times and has given rise to a huge variety of traditional foods worldwide. Currently, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus are the most commonly used LAB genera to increase food safety by reducing the concentrations of indigenous bacteria in raw meat products through lactic acid and acetic acid formation, direct nutrient competition, and bacteriocin production. These processes also contribute to the moisture content, texture, and color of meat products. IN BAKERY PRODUCTS: EPS generated by LAB have been used in bakeries for decades. Initially, dextran as a hydrocolloid with thickening properties was added to sourdough. Recently, the use of EPS-synthesizing cultures has garnered increasing interest from the bakery industry, mainly in connection with the manufacture of gluten-free products. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is capable of producing fructans and glucans during fermentation.
CONCLUSION: Although EPS-producing LAB strains have been traditionally applied in the manufacture of cultured milks, their use in the production process of low-fat cheeses, different plant-based yogurt alternatives, diverse types of sourdough breads, and reduced-fat fermented meat products are some of the novel applications of these polymers. EPS interact with other food components to improve the rheological and sensory properties of foods and, thus, they can act both as texturizers and stabilizers, increasing the viscosity and mouthfeel of products. Despite the abundance of research findings, a better understanding of the structure–function relationship of EPS in food products still remains a challenge. AuthorBY- ANUSHRI M The wireless communication plays a major role in today's modern world. Most of the technology we use is connected to the internet for an ease of use and backing up data for future analysis. The WiFi is the primary tool used for internet connectivity these days but it too has its own merits and demerits. WIFI AND ITS DRAWBACKS: WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to create wireless network connections, provide internet access, or transmit data. WiFi operates within the radio spectrum. The radio spectrum is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that have frequencies from 3 Hz to 3,000 GHz. WiFi connections tend to be insecure. Its lack of security generally comes from its wide signal range, allowing the network to be accessed within a 20 to 50-meter radius. Another disadvantage of WiFi connections is that signals tend to be unreliable. That is because radio frequencies are still subject to various external interferences. WHAT IS LIFI ? Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a wireless optical networking technology that uses visible light from light emitting diode(LED) for data transmission. The term LiFi was coined by professor Harald Haas in the year 2011 at his global TED talk where he introduced the idea of "wireless data from every light". WORKING OF LIFI : LED bulbs are semiconductor devices, which means that the brightness of the light flowing through them can be changed at extremely high speeds. This change in intensity becomes a digital signal which can carry information from the internet to a user and back again. Multiple lights can be added to a single network, so that you can move around from light to light without losing your connection. You don't have to be directly under a lamp to use LiFi. The digital signal is also carried by light reflected off walls and other surfaces. WHY LIFI ? One main advantage of Li-Fi is security. Since light cannot pass through opaque structures, Li-Fi Internet is available only to the users within a room and cannot be breached by users in other rooms or buildings. LiFi is much more efficient when it comes to cost and power consumption. Due to the use of LED bulbs, LiFi can be made available everywhere by replacing traditional LED bulbs with LiFi compatible bulbs. AuthorBY- DIVIYA BHAVAANI M.B As technology evolves, OEMs are widely exploring the scope of adopting the latest technology trends to Medical Electronics. Trends such as Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things etc, are set to have an enormous impact on the health-care industry. Here are some of the recent Trends in Medical Electronics that are expected to have a huge impact on the segment: Wearable gadgets – The modern-day innovative, secure, and highly efficient wearable devices are helping people to maintain their daily routines, keep track of their health and be more aware of their health. Wearable devices such as smartwatches, activity trackers, health monitors etc. come equipped with sensors to help users monitor heart rate, BP, Glucose, weight, SPO2, etc., while maintaining the log of such parameters. This data can optionally be shared with the physicians thereby contributing significantly to a person’s well-being. Blockchain Systems – Blockchain systems work like Electronic Medical Records (EMR), where the patient’s health record information is digitally stored on the cloud with minimal space consumption. The Blockchain technology allows a patient, physicians or any trusted users to faithfully and securely access or share the information remotely. Using this, patients can easily connect to multiple hospitals and collect their medical reports automatically and a physician can have a look into the history of the patient’s medical reports and provide an accurate diagnosis, along with effective and cost-effective care. Telemedicine – The modern medical applications both wired and wireless are making the life of patients, especially the elderly and physically challenged, easier by allowing them to consult and get prescriptions from doctors on their smartphones. The doctors can also remotely monitor the patient’s health and make diagnosis and treatment decisions quickly. Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Artificial Intelligence is set to change the health-care industry in many ways. AI-based devices can process information with speed and accuracy and help doctors provide a diagnosis or create a treatment plan. Design of BOTs (using AI/ML/DL) are underway to assess and diagnose the medical situation/circumstance and prepare report/plan/suggestion to assist the medical/paramedic personnel. AI along with Machine Learning(ML) can be used to explore chemical reactions in the drug industry, digitize medical records, schedule appointments online, help surgeons offer deep insights on the surgery, interpret multiple data sources at the same time from different variables, provide enhanced treatments in cases such as radiology and more. AI is helping the health-care industry to transform from traditional treatment into targeted treatments and personalized therapies. Internet of Things (IoT) – Internet of things is one of the rapidly growing technologies which has opened a world of possibilities in the healthcare industry. Internet of Medical Devices (IOMT) helps in real-time monitoring of the patient and notifying the physicians by means of smart medical devices connected to a smartphone with accurate data for early treatment. The IoT based medical devices such as glucose monitor, insulin pens, blood pressure monitors, etc are among the most used medical devices at homes and in hospitals to monitor and provide real-time information to doctors for quick and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: These are just a few of the technologies that are being adopted by the healthcare industry. As technologies evolve, the way healthcare providers interact with patients and deliver care is also changing and the healthcare and medical electronics industries are about to witness a lot more significant changes in the upcoming years. AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S The first chemical element with the highest percentage in the human body is Oxygen, all cells in our body need oxygen to create energy efficiently, hence it plays a vital role. During this COVID – 19 Pandemic, the patients affected with the Coronavirus suffered from Breathlessness, when the virus spreads it blocks the entry points of oxygenated blood into your lungs. To support and cure the patients at early-stage medical oxygen was widely used. So, let’s discuss what is medical oxygen production method and the reason behind the demand. What Is Medical Oxygen? Medical oxygen is high purity oxygen that is used for medical treatments and is developed for use in the human body. No other types of gases are allowed to prevent contamination. This type of oxygen can only be generated by medical air compressors with which we can attain a purity of 99.5 percentage. Methods to produce Medical Oxygen. There are several methods to produce Medical Oxygen, out of which production through Air Separation Units (ASU’s) is most common. ASU’s are production plants that separate large volumes of gases. They use a method called Fractional Distillation to produce pure oxygen from atmospheric air, which is first cooled to -181°C, Oxygen liquefies at this point. Since the boiling point of Nitrogen is -196°C, it remains in a gaseous state. But Argon has a boiling point similar to that of oxygen (–186°C) and hence a significant amount of Argon liquifies along with Oxygen. The resultant mixture of Oxygen and Argon is drained, decompressed and passed through a second low-pressure distillation vessel for further purification. We then get the output as final purified liquid oxygen, which is then transported using cryogenic containers. Oxygen can also be produced non-cryogenically, in gaseous form, using Selective Adsorption. This method leverages the property that under high pressure, gases tend to be attracted to solid surfaces. Hospitals can also opt for on-site generation of oxygen by this method, where oxygen is produced from ambient air by concentrating it. Producing oxygen near hospitals has the additional advantage of eliminating the need for transportation. In addition to the above sources of medical oxygen, there are also portable oxygen generators known as Oxygen Concentrators that can be used at home. Oxygen concentrators are simple devices that take in ambient air and increase the oxygen concentration, by filtering out and throwing away nitrogen, while the cylinders need to be refilled, the Oxygen Concentrators can work 24 x 7. How much Oxygen is produced in India? During the first wave, the demand for liquid medical oxygen (LMO) increased from 700 metric tonnes per day (MTPD) to 2,800 MTPD. But during the second wave, it has skyrocketed to 5,000 MTPD. It was only in the second week of April when demand for medical oxygen in India witnessed a five-fold jump. On April 21 demand was 5500 MTPD and production was 7287 MT and the government had a buffer stock of 50,000 MT. As you can see the goods were surplus then why there was a demand at hospitals for medical oxygen. Reason for the Demand for Medical Oxygen. It is clear that that there is no shortage of medical oxygen capacity in the country. Hospitals receive oxygen both in cylinders, also in tankers based on their stocking capacities and daily needs. The non-availability in critical states is primarily due to a lack of foresight and planning. If all available resources across the country had been mapped, activated in time with a foolproof logistical model in place, this situation would have never occurred. After this crisis EG 2 came forward to resolve the crisis, If these measures had been taken before, a normal citizen wouldn’t have been running from pillar to post to receive treatment or to get vaccinated. Governments must realize that what Medical Oxygen is to COVID-19 treatment, citizens are to the existence of the nation. AuthorBY - ANUSHRI M WHAT IS AI?: We all would have come across the word "Artificial intelligence", but what exactly it is? Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. Machine learning is one of the applications of artificial intelligence. The artificial intelligence system does not require to be pre-programmed, instead of that, they use such algorithms which can work with their own intelligence. It involves machine learning algorithms such as reinforcement learning algorithm and deep learning neural networks. Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning where the artificial neural network, the recurrent neural network comes in relation. The algorithms are created exactly just like machine learning but it consists of many more levels of algorithms. ROLE OF AI IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: According to a recent report by the United Nations Organization, the current rate of global species extinction is higher compared to average over the last 10 million years, and the rate is accelerating. This continuous process will disturb the biodiversity of the earth, and conserving the natural biodiversity of the planet is vital for the functioning of our natural ecosystems. The role of artificial intelligence in conserving these endangered species are as follows: DETECTION OF POACHERS: AI-enabled drones and night vision cameras can be used to detect poachers. One such application is, Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security (PAWS), predictive AI software that crunches massive amounts of data and leverages machine learning to suggest the most effective patrol routes. COUNTING ANIMALS: Animal detection and their counting are important to make sure if their population is increasing or decreasing. Motion-sensor cameras in natural habitats offer the opportunity to inexpensively and unobtrusively gather vast amounts of data on animals in the wild. Similarly, computer vision technology in AI-enabled drones can detect the types and species of animals inform researchers about their activities. The machine learning algorithms developed with a wide-ranging huge quantity of training datasets equips AI to recognize the different species of animals. IDENTIFYING WASTE MATERIALS IN OCEANS: The AI model is well-trained to recognize the varied types of waste materials littered into the ocean. Automatic aerial photography techniques combined with analytical algorithms are more efficient protocols for the control and study of this kind of pollutants.
PREDICTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE: Machine learning has been used successfully to classify some extreme weather events. Deep convolutional neural networks have been used to count cyclones and weather fronts in past climate data sets, and some techniques have been used to track storms and tornadoes. Clearly, the tools of AI are making a big difference in the fields of animal research and animal protection. With the rapid pace of innovation in the field of AI, we can only expect this to get better. These tools come at an opportune time for human and animal coexistence, as human societies learn to manage their growth in balance with the needs of our animal cohabitants. AuthorBY- DIVIYA BHAVAANI M.B A new word, "polytronics" (polymer+electronics) has emerged in electronic vocabulary as a short name of this suddenly advanced technology. Current bearings in the advancement of electronics systems display, that the outline of thin flexible components and semiconductors impersonates a crucial role in the steadily progressing construction of highly integrated systems. Introduction These days, intelligence and correspondence innovation will be the most basic classifications of the business for sensible microelectronics parts and tasks world broadly inside the resulting years. The usage of new data and correspondence hardware will impact our regular day to day existence to an expanding broad empowering surrounding knowledge. In this way, things in the earth like garments, dividers, PCs, watches, TVs, vehicles, lifts, lights, radiators, and possibly the espresso mug will get correspondence, detecting, and actuator capacities, and the person will convey gear to set up immediate or roundabout contact to these encompassing shrewd things. Wearable hardware, adaptable correspondence frameworks, and gear are utilized in nearby organizations in any condition at work or at home, in vehicles, or at the air terminal. Structure Such portable hardware will be founded on exceptionally incorporated capacities and halfway on adaptable electronic highlights or potentially on mass creation measures dependent on adaptable substrates. Polytronic frameworks likewise will contain parts like sensors, actuators, adaptable batteries, and presentations close to the dynamic electronic parts like semiconductors or incorporated circuits. Such framework usefulness added to the things must be manufactured in a favored normalized way and in a very cost-proficient path since we will require billions of them to empower a helpful inclusion of encompassing insight in our condition. Conclusion: For such a cost-effective large scale manufacturing and significantly more for flimsy, adaptable polytronic frameworks, inline (reel to reel or move to roll or quick sheet) cycles might be the decision as a financial creation technique and will have most presumably a significant influence later on. A large group of practical dispensable symptomatic gadgets could before long be made conceivable by 'shrewd plastics.' Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Micro integration IZM (Munich) are at present building up various lab-on-a-chip gadgets that depend on plastic chips for a portion of their serious usefulness. |