AuthorBY - ANUSHRI M WHAT IS AI?: We all would have come across the word "Artificial intelligence", but what exactly it is? Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. Machine learning is one of the applications of artificial intelligence. The artificial intelligence system does not require to be pre-programmed, instead of that, they use such algorithms which can work with their own intelligence. It involves machine learning algorithms such as reinforcement learning algorithm and deep learning neural networks. Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning where the artificial neural network, the recurrent neural network comes in relation. The algorithms are created exactly just like machine learning but it consists of many more levels of algorithms. ROLE OF AI IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: According to a recent report by the United Nations Organization, the current rate of global species extinction is higher compared to average over the last 10 million years, and the rate is accelerating. This continuous process will disturb the biodiversity of the earth, and conserving the natural biodiversity of the planet is vital for the functioning of our natural ecosystems. The role of artificial intelligence in conserving these endangered species are as follows: DETECTION OF POACHERS: AI-enabled drones and night vision cameras can be used to detect poachers. One such application is, Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security (PAWS), predictive AI software that crunches massive amounts of data and leverages machine learning to suggest the most effective patrol routes. COUNTING ANIMALS: Animal detection and their counting are important to make sure if their population is increasing or decreasing. Motion-sensor cameras in natural habitats offer the opportunity to inexpensively and unobtrusively gather vast amounts of data on animals in the wild. Similarly, computer vision technology in AI-enabled drones can detect the types and species of animals inform researchers about their activities. The machine learning algorithms developed with a wide-ranging huge quantity of training datasets equips AI to recognize the different species of animals. IDENTIFYING WASTE MATERIALS IN OCEANS: The AI model is well-trained to recognize the varied types of waste materials littered into the ocean. Automatic aerial photography techniques combined with analytical algorithms are more efficient protocols for the control and study of this kind of pollutants.
PREDICTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE: Machine learning has been used successfully to classify some extreme weather events. Deep convolutional neural networks have been used to count cyclones and weather fronts in past climate data sets, and some techniques have been used to track storms and tornadoes. Clearly, the tools of AI are making a big difference in the fields of animal research and animal protection. With the rapid pace of innovation in the field of AI, we can only expect this to get better. These tools come at an opportune time for human and animal coexistence, as human societies learn to manage their growth in balance with the needs of our animal cohabitants.
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AuthorBY- DIVIYA BHAVAANI M.B A new word, "polytronics" (polymer+electronics) has emerged in electronic vocabulary as a short name of this suddenly advanced technology. Current bearings in the advancement of electronics systems display, that the outline of thin flexible components and semiconductors impersonates a crucial role in the steadily progressing construction of highly integrated systems. Introduction These days, intelligence and correspondence innovation will be the most basic classifications of the business for sensible microelectronics parts and tasks world broadly inside the resulting years. The usage of new data and correspondence hardware will impact our regular day to day existence to an expanding broad empowering surrounding knowledge. In this way, things in the earth like garments, dividers, PCs, watches, TVs, vehicles, lifts, lights, radiators, and possibly the espresso mug will get correspondence, detecting, and actuator capacities, and the person will convey gear to set up immediate or roundabout contact to these encompassing shrewd things. Wearable hardware, adaptable correspondence frameworks, and gear are utilized in nearby organizations in any condition at work or at home, in vehicles, or at the air terminal. Structure Such portable hardware will be founded on exceptionally incorporated capacities and halfway on adaptable electronic highlights or potentially on mass creation measures dependent on adaptable substrates. Polytronic frameworks likewise will contain parts like sensors, actuators, adaptable batteries, and presentations close to the dynamic electronic parts like semiconductors or incorporated circuits. Such framework usefulness added to the things must be manufactured in a favored normalized way and in a very cost-proficient path since we will require billions of them to empower a helpful inclusion of encompassing insight in our condition. Conclusion: For such a cost-effective large scale manufacturing and significantly more for flimsy, adaptable polytronic frameworks, inline (reel to reel or move to roll or quick sheet) cycles might be the decision as a financial creation technique and will have most presumably a significant influence later on. A large group of practical dispensable symptomatic gadgets could before long be made conceivable by 'shrewd plastics.' Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Micro integration IZM (Munich) are at present building up various lab-on-a-chip gadgets that depend on plastic chips for a portion of their serious usefulness. AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S Biosensors are important devices in clinical diagnostics, food processing, and environmental monitoring for detecting various analytes, especially viruses. These biosensors provide rapid and effective instruments for qualitative and quantitative detection of infectious diseases in real-time. Biosensors comprise three main elements: the bio-receptor, the transducer and the signal processing system. The Bio-receptors component of biosensors may be monoclonal antibody, nucleic acids, glycan, lectin, enzyme, tissue or whole- cell interact specifically with a biomarker. The transductor convert these interactions to a measurable signal, then the qualitative and quantitative identification of pathogen are viewed/reported by recording and displaying the signals, Fig. 1 illustrates the main principles of biosensors. Now that we have understood the basics of Biosensors let's see how they can be used as a promising device to Diagnose the "COVID-19" virus. Firstly Viral Bioreceptors, in which highly specific biomolecules that are selected for the viral analyte are used also Viral Transducers such as Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemical Sensors are used. Corona Virus Now let's see the viruses that are behind this COVID-19. The main viruses of the coronavirus family that can infect humans are. MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS), SARS-CoV (acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19) according to CDC.
According to the current epidemic, SARS-COV-2 is more infectious than SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is a positive-strand including large ssRNA genome of approximately 29700 nucleotides. The genome is expected to consist of fourteen functional ORFs . This is important in viral RNA synthesis, four structural proteins which are spike (S) protein, nucleo-capsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein and the envelope (E) protein that are essential for cytoplasmic viral assembly, & the host has the ACE2 receptors. The structural glycoprotein (S) is located on the outer envelope of the virion, it binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor of the host. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit consisting of two subdomains (the core and the external subdomains). By investigating the RBD sequence, The interaction of spike RBD-receptor is the key factor that determines coronaviruses host range. Scientists found that the non-structure proteins ORF8 and E2 surface glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 could bind to the porphyrin of the 1-Beta Chain of Haemoglobin to form a complex. That combination leads to the dissociation of iron to form the porphyrin. That attack will lead to lower haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide and finally results in the inability of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanging, causing lung cells inflammation. Recommendations about COVID-19 biosensors According to the above, we recommend designing biosensors for direct, simple, low-cost and rapid detecting of patients that are infected with SARS-CoV-2 form saliva sample; here we suggest two types of biosensors 1.Electrochemical biosensor: The non-structural proteins ORF8 and E2 surface glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 could bind to the porphyrin of 1-Beta Chain of Haemoglobin and releasing the heme. The biosensor bioreceptors composed of the 1-Beta Chain of Haemoglobin, and so if the specimen is positive, SARS-CoV-2 proteins will bind to haemoglobin molecules on the transducer releasing the heme part generating an electrical signal, taken in consideration measuring the heme concentration before and after the investigation. 2.Optical biosensor: depends on binding of the Anti-Spike-RBD mAb (Human-IgG1) specifically with analyte Spike RBD, then measuring the change in refraction index. AuthorBY- ANUSHRI M Introduced more than 100 years ago, electric cars are seeing a rise in popularity today for many of the same reasons they were first popular. With this growing interest in electric vehicles, we can take a look on challenges and scope of it. Electric vehicles function by plugging into a charge point and taking electricity from the grid. They store the electricity in rechargeable batteries that power an electric motor, which turns the wheels. Power is converted from the DC battery to AC for the electric motor. CHALLENGES OF E-VEHICLES: COST OF E-VEHICLES: Though the maintenance cost of e-vehicle is low, initial investment is higher compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. This is because of the expensive materials and processes used in battery production .But this will be like an one time investment, if we rely on renewable resources for charging. CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE: Rather than being refueled at a typical gas station, electric vehicles must be charged at electrical outlets in order to run. If we charge at our homes using solar panel, charging would not be a big deal. But for long distance travel this will not work out. A recent study by the International Council on Clean Transportation indicated that 10,000 more charging stations will be required to support EVs traveling on inter-city corridors by 2025, based on trends of increasing EV ownership. ELECTRICITY DEMAND: If gasoline fueled vehicles are completely replace by e-vehicles, electricity generated will not be sufficient. Tesla CEO says electric cars will double global electricity demand. The overall electricity demand from e-vehicles in India is projected to be around 79.9 gigawatt hours (GWh) by 2020 and is expected to reach 69.6 terawatt hours (TWh) by 2030, noted a recent assocham-ey joint study. SCOPE OF E-VEHICLES:
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