AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S Imagine all the waste plastics that are generated can be reused efficiently, then half of the worlds environmental problem is solved already, then how this sounds, plastic wastes are used to produce fuel, it’s like Hitting two birds with one stone. That’s exactly we are going see here, how to produce fuel from plastics or Pyrolysis. Lets understand more about plastics. WHAT IS A PLASTIC? Plastics are mouldable polymers which can deform i.e, change their shape to a very high degree. Polymers are both naturally present and synthetically made. Naturally occurring polymers include tar, shellac, cellulose, amber, and latex from tree sap. Synthetic polymers, which are a range of organic compounds that are derived from petrochemicals, for example polyethylene (used in plastic bags), polystyrene (used to make Styrofoam cups), polypropylene (used for fibers and bottles) etc. APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC Plastics have found wide range of use in wide varieties of industries, almost every sector, such as
DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC: Due to increase in human population, rapid economic growth and continuous urbanization, the use and production of plastics is also increasing very rapidly. Most of the plastics are non-biodegradable hence if they are dumped into the soil then they are going to stay there for hundreds of years and will render that piece of land useless for growing crops and even for urbanization. If plastics are dumped in the seas, then they will float and follow the currents and leads to accumulation of plastics in various areas of oceans. The accumulation is even as large as size of islands. This poses a threat to the sea life. Disposal of plastics is a big problem hence it’s recommended to reuse. Pyrolysis is one way to recycle the plastic material. The basis is that pyrolysis of plastic can be done to produce oil. This oil is then used as a fuel. PYROLYSIS The method of pyrolysis involves thermal degradation of plastic at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.
Plastic raw material is first pre-treated to remove waste or undesirable materials. Then the pre-treated raw material is grinded to the required size as desired before inputting the grinded raw material in the reactor, the pyrolysis chamber. The size should be proper so that the reaction is able to occur smoothly and efficiently. The pyrolysis chamber is loaded with the grinded plastic along with a suitable catalyst in order to promote specific types of chemical reactions. The temperature of the reaction can range from 200-900C based on the quality of the liquid oil desired further down the line as a product. The grinded raw material first gets melted and then it gets vaporized. The vapours are then passed to condensers in series in order to condense it into a liquid. This liquid is the oil but it is further sent for the process of refining. This refined liquid is the desired oil which is used as a fuel. They are also put into category of biofuels depending on the type of raw material selected. The oil is multipurpose in nature and can also be used in cars.
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AuthorBY- ANUSHRI M INTRODUCTION: Artificial Intelligence is the technology which has numerous applications in this modern world. One of the important field that uses it is the automobile industry. Almost all the modern cars has AI technology in it used for various purposes for the safety and comfort of its users. Some of them are discussed below. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL: This system recognizes a preceding vehicle located in front of the test vehicle and drives the test vehicle with a safety distance to the preceding vehicle by controlling its accelerator and brake. FORWARD COLLISION BRAKING: This system uses cameras or sensors to scan the road ahead and to alert the driver if the distance to a vehicle ahead is closing too quickly. More advanced systems include automatic emergency braking that can stop a car quickly enough to avoid a collision at modest speeds, or at the very least reduce the closing speed. LANE KEEPING ASSISTANCE: It monitors the position of the vehicle with respect to the lane boundary and apply torque to the steering wheel, or pressure to the brakes, when a lane departure is about to occur. BLIND SPOT MONITORING: This uses a set of sensors mounted on the side mirrors or rear bumper to detect vehicles in the adjacent lanes. If the sensors detect something, they'll alert you via an audible and/or visual warning. REAR CROSS TRAFFIC COLLISION WARNING: It is a driving assistance system that informs the driver if another vehicle is approaching from either direction when the vehicle is in reverse and is backing out of a parking space. AUTOPILOT: This feature uses cameras and sensors to steer, accelerate and brake automatically within its lane. The system uses forward-facing cameras, GPS, and map data to detect traffic lights and stop signs. SMART SUMMON FEATURE: It allows owners to press a button in the app on their phone, and their car will drive itself to their location from a maximum distance of 200 feet, even navigating obstacles. DRONES-THE GLOWING COMPANIONS: The drones fly autonomously above and around the car to illuminate not just the path ahead but the area on either side. They dock to the roof or roof rack, and double as cameras to beam video back to the driver if they want to see what's ahead. The bladeless drones can also assume other configurations. This feature is included in The AUDI AI:TRAIL CONCLUSION:
Although AI has numerous advantages it is still not fully developed and have a long way to go in its development and applications. Not all the decisions made from the analysis of the circumstances by AI can be justified which is why the crucial decisions shall be governed and executed by humans. AuthorDIVIYA BHAVAANI M.B As the world entered the era of big data, the need for its storage also grew. It was the main challenge and concern for the enterprise industries until 2010. The main focus was on building a framework and solutions to store data. Now when Hadoop and other frameworks have successfully solved the problem of storage, the focus has shifted to the processing of this data. Data Science is the secret sauce here. All the ideas which you see in Hollywood sci-fi movies can actually turn into reality by Data Science. Data Science is the future of Artificial Intelligence. Therefore, it is very important to understand what is Data Science and how can it add value to your business. What is Data Science? Data Science is a blend of various tools, algorithms, and machine learning principles with the goal to discover hidden patterns from the raw data. As you can see from the above image, a Data Analyst usually explains what is going on by processing history of the data. On the other hand, Data Scientist not only does the exploratory analysis to discover insights from it, but also uses various advanced machine learning algorithms to identify the occurrence of a particular event in the future. A Data Scientist will look at the data from many angles, sometimes angles not known earlier. Lifecycle of Data Science Here is a brief overview of the main phases of the Data Science Lifecycle: Phase 1--Discovery: Before you begin the project, it is important to understand the various specifications, requirements, priorities and required budget. You must possess the ability to ask the right questions. Here, you assess if you have the required resources present in terms of people, technology, time and data to support the project. In this phase, you also need to frame the business problem and formulate initial hypotheses (IH) to test. Phase 2—Data preparation: In this phase, you require analytical sandbox in which you can perform analytics for the entire duration of the project. You need to explore, preprocess and condition data prior to modeling. Further, you will perform ETLT (extract, transform, load and transform) to get data into the sandbox. Let’s have a look at the Statistical Analysis flow below. Phase 3—Model planning: Data Science model planning - EdurekaHere, you will determine the methods and techniques to draw the relationships between variables. These relationships will set the base for the algorithms which you will implement in the next phase. You will apply Exploratory Data Analytics (EDA) using various statistical formulas and visualization tools.
Phase 5—Operationalize: Data Science operationalize - EdurekaIn this phase, you deliver final reports, briefings, code and technical documents. In addition, sometimes a pilot project is also implemented in a real-time production environment. This will provide you a clear picture of the performance and other related constraints on a small scale before full deployment.
Phase 6—Communicate results: Now it is important to evaluate if you have been able to achieve your goal that you had planned in the first phase. So, in the last phase, you identify all the key findings, communicate to the stakeholders and determine if the results of the project are a success or a failure based on the criteria developed in Phase 1. AuthorBY- SUPRAJA G.S We know how food plays an important role in our lives, it’s an inevitable part. With recent developments we are shifted towards packed food, one major concern is artificial additives that can cause health issues in future to consumers. Let’s see how Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactic acid Bacteria (LAB) is going to help us mark “Clean labelled” in food products. WHAT ARE EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES? Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are homopolymers or heteropolymers with a wide diversity of structures, capable of modifying the sensory properties of foods. EPS formed by LAB offer a natural alternative to commercial food additives because of their physicochemical characteristics. They are used as starter cultures or coadjutants to develop fermented foods. In addition, they have further health benefits because of their putative antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and blood cholesterol-lowering activities. APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA-DERIVED EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY: LAB-derived EPS are used in the food industry as emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents, as well as for moisture retention, for influencing rheology, firmness, and syneresis and to improve texture, sensory properties, and mouthfeel. They are used due to their physical properties, non-Newtonian behavior, and high viscosity in aqueous media. Only drawback is LAB are capable of producing relatively low amounts of EPS. Therefore, current challenges are to increase the productivity of EPS formation by LAB. EPS have multiple uses in various food sectors but especially in fermented dairy, non-dairy, bakery, and meat industry areas. IN DAIRY PRODUCTS: In situ produced LAB-derived EPS are widely used in the dairy industry. In recent decades, dairy starter strains that can synthesize acceptable levels of EPS have become the target of research. EPS may act as thickeners and texturizers by increasing the viscosity of the final product and as stabilizers by binding water and interacting with other milk constituents, such as proteins and micelles, to improve the firmness of the casein network. IN FERMENTED MEAT PRODUCTS: The application of LAB in meat production dates back to prehistoric times and has given rise to a huge variety of traditional foods worldwide. Currently, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus are the most commonly used LAB genera to increase food safety by reducing the concentrations of indigenous bacteria in raw meat products through lactic acid and acetic acid formation, direct nutrient competition, and bacteriocin production. These processes also contribute to the moisture content, texture, and color of meat products. IN BAKERY PRODUCTS: EPS generated by LAB have been used in bakeries for decades. Initially, dextran as a hydrocolloid with thickening properties was added to sourdough. Recently, the use of EPS-synthesizing cultures has garnered increasing interest from the bakery industry, mainly in connection with the manufacture of gluten-free products. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is capable of producing fructans and glucans during fermentation.
CONCLUSION: Although EPS-producing LAB strains have been traditionally applied in the manufacture of cultured milks, their use in the production process of low-fat cheeses, different plant-based yogurt alternatives, diverse types of sourdough breads, and reduced-fat fermented meat products are some of the novel applications of these polymers. EPS interact with other food components to improve the rheological and sensory properties of foods and, thus, they can act both as texturizers and stabilizers, increasing the viscosity and mouthfeel of products. Despite the abundance of research findings, a better understanding of the structure–function relationship of EPS in food products still remains a challenge. |